in what country did badminton begin

Racquet sport

Badminton

Two Chinese pairs compete in the mixed doubles golden medal match of the 2012 Olympics
Highest governing torso	Badminton World Federation
First played	19th century
Characteristics
Contact	None
Team members	Singles or doubles
Mixed-sex	Yes
Type	Racquet sport
Equipment	Shuttlecock, racquet
Presence
Olympic	1992–nowadays
World Games	1981

Badminton is a racquet sport played using racquets to hit a shuttlecock across a net. Although it may be played with larger teams, the about common forms of the game are "singles" (with i player per side) and "doubles" (with 2 players per side). Badminton is oft played as a casual outdoor activeness in a yard or on a beach; formal games are played on a rectangular indoor court. Points are scored by striking the shuttlecock with the racquet and landing information technology within the opposing side's one-half of the courtroom.

Each side may merely strike the shuttlecock one time before it passes over the cyberspace. Play ends once the shuttlecock has struck the floor or if a fault has been called by the umpire, service judge, or (in their absence) the opposing side.^[one]

The shuttlecock is a feathered or (in informal matches) plastic projectile which flies differently from the balls used in many other sports. In particular, the feathers create much higher elevate, causing the shuttlecock to decelerate more rapidly. Shuttlecocks too have a high elevation speed compared to the balls in other racquet sports. The flight of the shuttlecock gives the sport its distinctive nature.

The game developed in British India from the earlier game of battledore and shuttlecock. European play came to be dominated past Denmark but the game has go very pop in Asia, with recent competitions dominated past Prc. Since 1992, badminton has been a Summer Olympic sport with four events: men's singles, women's singles, men's doubles, and women's doubles,^[2] with mixed doubles added four years later. At high levels of play, the sport demands excellent fitness: players crave aerobic stamina, agility, forcefulness, speed, and precision. It is also a technical sport, requiring good motor coordination and the development of sophisticated racquet movements.^[3]

History

Games employing shuttlecocks have been played for centuries across Eurasia,^[a] merely the modern game of badminton developed in the mid-19th century among the expatriate officers of British India equally a variant of the before game of battledore and shuttlecock. ("Battledore" was an older term for "racquet".)^[4] Its verbal origin remains obscure. The proper name derives from the Duke of Beaufort's Badminton House in Gloucestershire,^[5] simply why or when remains unclear. Every bit early on as 1860, a London toy dealer named Isaac Spratt published a booklet entitled Badminton Battledore – A New Game, but no copy is known to have survived.^{[half dozen]} An 1863 article in The Cornhill Magazine describes badminton equally "battledore and shuttlecock played with sides, beyond a string suspended some five anxiety from the ground".^[7]

The game originally adult in India among the British expatriates,^[8] where it was very pop by the 1870s.^[6] Brawl badminton, a form of the game played with a wool ball instead of a shuttlecock, was being played in Thanjavur as early every bit the 1850s^[9] and was at showtime played interchangeably with badminton by the British, the woollen ball being preferred in windy or moisture weather.

Early, the game was too known every bit Poona or Poonah after the garrison town of Poona,^{[8] [x]} where it was particularly popular and where the first rules for the game were drawn upwardly in 1873.^{[6] [7] [b]} By 1875, officers returning habitation had started a badminton club in Folkestone. Initially, the sport was played with sides ranging from ane to 4 players, only it was quickly established that games between ii or four competitors worked the all-time.^[iv] The shuttlecocks were coated with India rubber and, in outdoor play, sometimes weighted with lead.^[4] Although the depth of the net was of no effect, it was preferred that it should reach the ground.^[iv]

The sport was played under the Pune rules until 1887, when J. H. E. Hart of the Bathroom Badminton Club drew up revised regulations.^[five] In 1890, Hart and Bagnel Wild again revised the rules.^[vi] The Badminton Clan of England (BAE) published these rules in 1893 and officially launched the sport at a house called "Dunbar"^[c] in Portsmouth on 13 September.^[12] The BAE started the showtime badminton competition, the All England Open up Badminton Championships for gentlemen's doubles, ladies' doubles, and mixed doubles, in 1899.^[5] Singles competitions were added in 1900 and an England–Ireland championship match appeared in 1904.^[5]

England, Scotland, Wales, Canada, Kingdom of denmark, France, Republic of ireland, the netherlands, and New Zealand were the founding members of the International Badminton Federation in 1934, now known equally the Badminton Globe Federation. India joined as an chapter in 1936. The BWF now governs international badminton. Although initiated in England, competitive men's badminton has traditionally been dominated in Europe by Denmark. Worldwide, Asian nations take become dominant in international competition. China, Kingdom of denmark, Indonesia, Malaysia, Republic of india, South korea, Taiwan (playing as 'Chinese Taipei') and Japan are the nations which have consistently produced world-class players in the past few decades, with Cathay being the greatest force in men's and women's competition recently.

The game has also go a pop backyard sport in the U.s.a..

Rules

The following information is a simplified summary of badminton rules based on the BWF Statutes publication, Laws of Badminton.^[13]

Court

The courtroom is rectangular and divided into halves by a cyberspace. Courts are ordinarily marked for both singles and doubles play, although badminton rules allow a court to be marked for singles only.^[13] The doubles courtroom is wider than the singles courtroom, but both are of the same length. The exception, which often causes confusion to newer players, is that the doubles court has a shorter serve-length dimension.

The total width of the courtroom is half-dozen.1 metres (20 feet), and in singles this width is reduced to 5.18 metres (17.0 feet). The full length of the court is 13.4 metres (44 feet). The service courts are marked by a eye line dividing the width of the court, by a short service line at a altitude of 1.98 metres (6 feet 6 inches) from the net, and by the outer side and back boundaries. In doubles, the service courtroom is as well marked by a long service line, which is 0.76 metres (two feet 6 inches) from the back boundary.

The internet is 1.55 metres (five feet 1 inch) high at the edges and ane.524 metres (5.00 feet) high in the center. The net posts are placed over the doubles sidelines, fifty-fifty when singles is played.

The minimum height for the ceiling higher up the court is not mentioned in the Laws of Badminton. Withal, a badminton court will not be suitable if the ceiling is likely to be hit on a high serve.

Serving

The legal bounds of a badminton court during various stages of a rally for singles and doubles games

When the server serves, the shuttlecock must pass over the short service line on the opponents' court or information technology will count as a mistake. The server and receiver must remain within their service courts, without touching the boundary lines, until the server strikes the shuttlecock. The other ii players may stand up wherever they wish, so long as they exercise non cake the vision of the server or receiver.

At the showtime of the rally, the server and receiver stand up in diagonally reverse service courts (see court dimensions). The server hits the shuttlecock and then that it would land in the receiver's service courtroom. This is like to tennis, except that in a badminton serve the whole shuttle must be below i.15 metres from the surface of the court at the instant of being hit by the server's noise, the shuttlecock is not immune to bounce and in badminton, the players stand inside their service courts, unlike tennis.

When the serving side loses a rally, the server immediately passes to their opponent(s) (this differs from the former organisation where sometimes the serve passes to the doubles partner for what is known every bit a "2nd serve").

In singles, the server stands in their right service court when their score is even, and in their left service court when their score is odd.

In doubles, if the serving side wins a rally, the same player continues to serve, but he/she changes service courts so that she/he serves to a different opponent each time. If the opponents win the rally and their new score is even, the player in the right service court serves; if odd, the histrion in the left service courtroom serves. The players' service courts are determined by their positions at the start of the previous rally, not by where they were continuing at the end of the rally. A consequence of this system is that each time a side regains the service, the server will be the histrion who did not serve last time.

Scoring

Each game is played to 21 points, with players scoring a betoken whenever they win a rally regardless of whether they served^[13] (this differs from the old system where players could just win a point on their serve and each game was played to 15 points). A lucifer is the best of iii games.

If the score ties at 20–20, then the game continues until one side gains a two-point lead (such as 24–22), except when in that location is a tie at 29–29, in which the game goes to a gold point of xxx. Whoever scores this bespeak wins the game.

At the showtime of a match, the shuttlecock is bandage and the side towards which the shuttlecock is pointing serves first. Alternatively, a coin may be tossed, with the winners choosing whether to serve or receive kickoff, or choosing which stop of the court to occupy first, and their opponents making the leftover the remaining choice.

In subsequent games, the winners of the previous game serve first. Matches are best out of three: a player or pair must win two games (of 21 points each) to win the match. For the first rally of any doubles game, the serving pair may decide who serves and the receiving pair may determine who receives. The players change ends at the kickoff of the 2d game; if the match reaches a third game, they change ends both at the start of the game and when the leading player'due south or pair's score reaches 11 points.

Lets

If a allow is chosen, the rally is stopped and replayed with no modify to the score. Lets may occur because of some unexpected disturbance such as a shuttlecock landing on a court (having been hit in that location by players playing in adjacent court) or in small halls the shuttle may touch an overhead rail which tin be classed every bit a let.

If the receiver is not set when the service is delivered, a let shall be called; yet, if the receiver attempts to return the shuttlecock, the receiver shall be judged to have been ready.

Equipment

Badminton rules restrict the design and size of racquets and shuttlecocks.

Racquets

Badminton racquets are lightweight, with top quality racquets weighing between 70 and 95 grams (2.v and 3.iv ounces) non including grip or strings.^{[14] [xv]} They are composed of many unlike materials ranging from carbon fibre composite (graphite reinforced plastic) to solid steel, which may be augmented by a variety of materials. Carbon fibre has an excellent strength to weight ratio, is stiff, and gives excellent kinetic energy transfer. Before the adoption of carbon fibre blended, racquets were made of light metals such as aluminium. Before even so, racquets were made of woods. Cheap racquets are still often made of metals such as steel, merely wooden racquets are no longer manufactured for the ordinary market, considering of their excessive mass and cost. Nowadays, nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and fullerene are added to racquets giving them greater durability.^{[ citation needed ]}

At that place is a wide variety of racquet designs, although the laws limit the racquet size and shape. Different racquets have playing characteristics that appeal to different players. The traditional oval caput shape is still available, just an isometric head shape is increasingly common in new racquets.

Strings

Badminton strings for racquets are thin, high-performing strings with thicknesses ranging from almost 0.62 to 0.73 mm. Thicker strings are more durable, just many players prefer the feel of thinner strings. String tension is normally in the range of 80 to 160 Northward (18 to 36 lbf). Recreational players generally string at lower tensions than professionals, typically between fourscore and 110 Due north (xviii and 25 lbf). Professionals cord betwixt nearly 110 and 160 N (25 and 36 lbf). Some string manufacturers measure the thickness of their strings under tension so they are actually thicker than specified when slack. Ashaway Micropower is really 0.7mm but Yonex BG-66 is about 0.72mm.

Information technology is often argued that high cord tensions meliorate command, whereas low cord tensions increase ability.^[16] The arguments for this mostly rely on crude mechanical reasoning, such as claiming that a lower tension cord bed is more bouncy and therefore provides more power. This is, in fact, incorrect, for a higher string tension can cause the shuttle to slide off the racquet and hence make it harder to hit a shot accurately. An alternative view suggests that the optimum tension for power depends on the player:^[fourteen] the faster and more accurately a actor can swing their racquet, the higher the tension for maximum power. Neither view has been subjected to a rigorous mechanical assay, nor is there articulate evidence in favour of one or the other. The virtually constructive way for a histrion to find a good string tension is to experiment.

Grip

The selection of grip allows a thespian to increment the thickness of their racquet handle and choose a comfortable surface to hold. A player may build upwards the handle with one or several grips earlier applying the terminal layer.

Players may cull between a variety of grip materials. The virtually common choices are PU synthetic grips or towelling grips. Grip choice is a affair of personal preference. Players oft find that sweat becomes a problem; in this case, a drying amanuensis may exist applied to the grip or easily, sweatbands may be used, the player may choose another grip material or change their grip more ofttimes.

There are 2 master types of grip: replacement grips and overgrips. Replacement grips are thicker and are often used to increment the size of the handle. Overgrips are thinner (less than 1 mm), and are often used as the final layer. Many players, however, prefer to use replacement grips as the concluding layer. Towelling grips are e'er replacement grips. Replacement grips have an adhesive backing, whereas overgrips take only a small patch of adhesive at the start of the tape and must be applied nether tension; overgrips are more convenient for players who modify grips frequently, because they may be removed more than rapidly without damaging the underlying material.

Shuttlecock

A shuttlecock with a plastic skirt

A shuttlecock (ofttimes abbreviated to shuttle; too called a birdie) is a high-drag projectile, with an open conical shape: the cone is formed from sixteen overlapping feathers embedded into a rounded cork base. The cork is covered with sparse leather or synthetic material. Synthetic shuttles are ofttimes used past recreational players to reduce their costs as feathered shuttles pause hands. These nylon shuttles may exist synthetic with either natural cork or constructed foam base and a plastic skirt.

Badminton rules also provide for testing a shuttlecock for the right speed:

iii.i: To test a shuttlecock, hit a full underhand stroke that makes contact with the shuttlecock over the back boundary line. The shuttlecock shall be hit at an upward angle and in a direction parallel to the sidelines. 3.ii: A shuttlecock of the correct speed will country non less than 530 mm and not more than than 990 mm short of the other back boundary line.

Shoes

Badminton shoes are lightweight with soles of safe or similar high-grip, non-marker materials.

Compared to running shoes, badminton shoes have footling lateral back up. High levels of lateral support are useful for activities where lateral move is undesirable and unexpected. Badminton, even so, requires powerful lateral movements. A highly built-upwards lateral support will non be able to protect the foot in badminton; instead, it will encourage catastrophic collapse at the bespeak where the shoe's support fails, and the player'south ankles are not ready for the sudden loading, which tin can cause sprains. For this reason, players should cull badminton shoes rather than general trainers or running shoes, considering proper badminton shoes will have a very sparse sole, lower a person's centre of gravity, and therefore result in fewer injuries. Players should also ensure that they learn safe and proper footwork, with the articulatio genus and pes in alignment on all lunges. This is more than just a rubber concern: proper footwork is also critical in order to motion effectively around the court.

Technique

Strokes

Badminton offers a wide variety of basic strokes, and players require a high level of skill to perform all of them effectively. All strokes tin exist played either forehand or backhand. A actor'due south forehand side is the same side as their playing hand: for a right-handed player, the forehand side is their right side and the backhand side is their left side. Forehand strokes are hitting with the forepart of the mitt leading (like striking with the palm), whereas backhand strokes are hit with the back of the hand leading (like hitting with the knuckles). Players ofttimes play certain strokes on the forehand side with a backhand hitting activeness, and vice versa.

In the forecourt and midcourt, most strokes tin exist played equally effectively on either the forehand or backhand side; only in the rear court, players volition attempt to play as many strokes every bit possible on their forehands, often preferring to play a round-the-head forehand overhead (a forehand "on the backhand side") rather than attempt a backhand overhead. Playing a backhand overhead has 2 principal disadvantages. First, the role player must turn their dorsum to their opponents, restricting their view of them and the court. Second, backhand overheads cannot be striking with every bit much power as forehands: the hitting action is express past the shoulder articulation, which permits a much greater range of movement for a forehand overhead than for a backhand. The backhand clear is considered by almost players and coaches to be the most hard basic stroke in the game, since the precise technique is needed in order to muster enough ability for the shuttlecock to travel the total length of the court. For the aforementioned reason, backhand smashes tend to be weak.

Position of the shuttlecock and receiving role player

Japanese histrion Sayaka Sato prepares for a forehand serve

The choice of stroke depends on how near the shuttlecock is to the net, whether it is to a higher place internet height, and where an opponent is currently positioned: players have much ameliorate attacking options if they can achieve the shuttlecock well above net tiptop, especially if it is also close to the net. In the forecourt, a loftier shuttlecock volition be met with a net impale, striking it steeply down and attempting to win the rally immediately. This is why it is best to drib the shuttlecock merely over the internet in this state of affairs. In the midcourt, a high shuttlecock will usually exist met with a powerful smash, also hitting downwards and hoping for an outright winner or a weak answer. Athletic jump smashes, where players spring upwardly for a steeper smash angle, are a common and spectacular chemical element of elite men's doubles play. In the rearcourt, players strive to hit the shuttlecock while it is still in a higher place them, rather than allowing information technology to drib lower. This overhead striking allows them to play smashes, clears (striking the shuttlecock high and to the back of the opponents' court), and drop shots (hitting the shuttlecock softly and so that information technology falls sharply downwards into the opponents' forecourt). If the shuttlecock has dropped lower, then a smash is impossible and a total-length, high clear is difficult.

Vertical position of the shuttlecock

When the shuttlecock is well below net elevation, players have no choice but to striking upwards. Lifts, where the shuttlecock is hit upward to the back of the opponents' court, can exist played from all parts of the court. If a player does not lift, their simply remaining choice is to push the shuttlecock softly back to the net: in the forecourt, this is chosen a net shot; in the midcourt or rear court, it is often called a button or block.

When the shuttlecock is near to net tiptop, players tin hit drives, which travel flat and speedily over the net into the opponents' rear midcourt and rear court. Pushes may besides be hitting flatter, placing the shuttlecock into the front end midcourt. Drives and pushes may exist played from the midcourt or forecourt, and are nigh often used in doubles: they are an attempt to regain the attack, rather than choosing to elevator the shuttlecock and defend against smashes. After a successful drive or push, the opponents will often be forced to lift the shuttlecock.

Spin

Balls may be spun to modify their bounce (for example, topspin and backspin in tennis) or trajectory, and players may slice the ball (strike it with an angled racquet face) to produce such spin. The shuttlecock is not allowed to bounciness, but slicing the shuttlecock does have applications in badminton. (Come across Basic strokes for an explanation of technical terms.)

• Slicing the shuttlecock from the side may cause it to travel in a dissimilar direction from the management suggested by the actor's racquet or torso movement. This is used to deceive opponents.
• Slicing the shuttlecock from the side may cause it to follow a slightly curved path (every bit seen from above), and the deceleration imparted by the spin causes sliced strokes to slow downward more than suddenly towards the end of their flight path. This can be used to create drib shots and smashes that dip more than steeply later they pass the net.
• When playing a net shot, slicing underneath the shuttlecock may cause information technology to plow over itself (tumble) several times as it passes the cyberspace. This is called a spinning cyberspace shot or tumbling net shot. The opponent will exist unwilling to address the shuttlecock until information technology has corrected its orientation.

Due to the mode that its feathers overlap, a shuttlecock besides has a slight natural spin about its axis of rotational symmetry. The spin is in a counter-clockwise direction as seen from above when dropping a shuttlecock. This natural spin affects certain strokes: a tumbling net shot is more constructive if the slicing activeness is from right to left, rather than from left to right.^[17]

Biomechanics

Badminton biomechanics have not been the subject of all-encompassing scientific report, but some studies confirm the minor role of the wrist in power generation and indicate that the major contributions to ability come up from internal and external rotations of the upper and lower arm.^[18] Recent guides to the sport thus emphasize forearm rotation rather than wrist movements.^[19]

The feathers impart substantial drag, causing the shuttlecock to decelerate profoundly over distance. The shuttlecock is likewise extremely aerodynamically stable: regardless of initial orientation, it volition turn to fly cork-kickoff and remain in the cork-first orientation.

One consequence of the shuttlecock'due south drag is that it requires considerable power to hit it the total length of the court, which is not the case for nigh racquet sports. The drag also influences the flight path of a lifted (lobbed) shuttlecock: the parabola of its flying is heavily skewed then that information technology falls at a steeper angle than it rises. With very high serves, the shuttlecock may even autumn vertically.

Other factors

When defending confronting a smash, players have three basic options: lift, block, or drive. In singles, a block to the net is the most mutual respond. In doubles, a lift is the safest pick but it usually allows the opponents to continue smashing; blocks and drives are counter-attacking strokes merely may be intercepted by the smasher'due south partner. Many players apply a backhand hitting action for returning smashes on both the forehand and backhand sides because backhands are more effective than forehands at roofing smashes directed to the body. Hard shots directed towards the body are difficult to defend.

The service is restricted by the Laws and presents its own assortment of stroke choices. Unlike in tennis, the server'due south racquet must be pointing in a downward management to evangelize the serve so usually the shuttle must be hitting upwards to pass over the net. The server tin choose a low serve into the forecourt (like a push), or a lift to the back of the service court, or a flat bulldoze serve. Lifted serves may be either high serves, where the shuttlecock is lifted so high that it falls nigh vertically at the back of the court, or pic serves, where the shuttlecock is lifted to a bottom height only falls sooner.

Deception

Once players have mastered these basic strokes, they can hit the shuttlecock from and to whatever part of the courtroom, powerfully and softly as required. Beyond the basics, however, badminton offers rich potential for advanced stroke skills that provide a competitive advantage. Because badminton players have to cover a short distance every bit quickly as possible, the purpose of many avant-garde strokes is to deceive the opponent, so that either they are tricked into believing that a different stroke is being played, or they are forced to delay their motility until they actually sees the shuttle's direction. "Deception" in badminton is often used in both of these senses. When a player is genuinely deceived, they will ofttimes lose the signal immediately because they cannot alter their direction speedily enough to achieve the shuttlecock. Experienced players volition be aware of the fob and cautious non to move likewise early, merely the attempted charade is still useful because it forces the opponent to filibuster their movement slightly. Against weaker players whose intended strokes are obvious, an experienced player may move earlier the shuttlecock has been hit, anticipating the stroke to gain an advantage.

Slicing and using a shortened striking action are the ii main technical devices that facilitate deception. Slicing involves hitting the shuttlecock with an angled racquet face up, causing information technology to travel in a different direction than suggested by the body or arm movement. Slicing as well causes the shuttlecock to travel more than slowly than the arm movement suggests. For example, a good crosscourt sliced drop shot will use a striking action that suggests a straight clear or a nail, deceiving the opponent well-nigh both the power and direction of the shuttlecock. A more sophisticated slicing action involves brushing the strings effectually the shuttlecock during the hit, in lodge to make the shuttlecock spin. This can be used to better the shuttle's trajectory, past making it dip more rapidly as it passes the net; for example, a sliced low serve can travel slightly faster than a normal low serve, yet country on the same spot. Spinning the shuttlecock is also used to create spinning cyberspace shots (likewise called tumbling net shots), in which the shuttlecock turns over itself several times (tumbles) before stabilizing; sometimes the shuttlecock remains inverted instead of tumbling. The main advantage of a spinning net shot is that the opponent volition be unwilling to address the shuttlecock until it has stopped tumbling, since hit the feathers will upshot in an unpredictable stroke. Spinning cyberspace shots are especially important for high-level singles players.

The lightness of mod racquets allows players to use a very short hitting action for many strokes, thereby maintaining the option to hitting a powerful or a soft stroke until the last possible moment. For case, a singles player may concur their racquet ready for a internet shot, but then moving picture the shuttlecock to the back instead with a shallow lift when they notice the opponent has moved before the actual shot was played. A shallow elevator takes less fourth dimension to reach the ground and as mentioned above a rally is over when the shuttlecock touches the ground. This makes the opponent's task of covering the whole court much more difficult than if the elevator was hit higher and with a bigger, obvious swing. A curt striking action is not only useful for charade: it likewise allows the player to hit powerful strokes when they have no time for a large arm swing. A big arm swing is also usually not advised in badminton considering bigger swings make it more hard to recover for the next shot in fast exchanges. The employ of grip tightening is crucial to these techniques, and is often described as finger power. Elite players develop finger ability to the extent that they tin can hit some power strokes, such as cyberspace kills, with less than a 10 centimetres (four inches) racquet swing.

It is also possible to opposite this way of charade, past suggesting a powerful stroke earlier slowing downwards the hitting action to play a soft stroke. In general, this latter style of deception is more common in the rear court (for example, drop shots disguised as smashes), whereas the erstwhile style is more common in the forecourt and midcourt (for example, lifts disguised equally internet shots).

Deception is non limited to slicing and short hit actions. Players may also employ double motility, where they make an initial racquet movement in 1 direction earlier withdrawing the racquet to striking in another direction. Players will often practise this to ship opponents in the wrong direction. The racquet motion is typically used to suggest a directly angle simply then play the stroke crosscourt, or vice versa. Triple motion is also possible, but this is very rare in actual play. An culling to double motion is to use a racquet head fake, where the initial move is continued but the racquet is turned during the striking. This produces a smaller change in management simply does non crave equally much time.

Strategy

To win in badminton, players need to utilize a wide variety of strokes in the right situations. These range from powerful jumping smashes to delicate tumbling cyberspace returns. Often rallies finish with a blast, simply setting up the smash requires subtler strokes. For case, a net shot can force the opponent to lift the shuttlecock, which gives an opportunity to smash. If the internet shot is tight and tumbling, then the opponent's lift will not reach the back of the court, which makes the subsequent smash much harder to return.

Deception is also important. Expert players prepare for many different strokes that look identical and use slicing to deceive their opponents about the speed or direction of the stroke. If an opponent tries to conceptualize the stroke, they may move in the wrong management and may be unable to change their body momentum in time to reach the shuttlecock.

Singles

Since ane person needs to cover the entire court, singles tactics are based on forcing the opponent to motility as much as possible; this means that singles strokes are normally directed to the corners of the courtroom. Players exploit the length of the court by combining lifts and clears with drop shots and net shots. Smashing tends to be less prominent in singles than in doubles considering the smasher has no partner to follow upward their effort and is thus vulnerable to a skillfully placed return. Moreover, frequent smashing tin can be exhausting in singles where the conservation of a player's free energy is at a premium. However, players with strong smashes will sometimes utilise the shot to create openings, and players unremarkably nail weak returns to endeavour to end rallies.

In singles, players will often offset the rally with a forehand high serve or with a flick serve. Depression serves are likewise used often, either forehand or backhand. Bulldoze serves are rare.

At loftier levels of play, singles demand extraordinary fitness. Singles is a game of patient positional manoeuvring, dissimilar the all-out assailment of doubles.^[20]

Doubles

Both pairs will endeavour to gain and maintain the attack, smashing downward when the opportunity arises. Whenever possible, a pair will adopt an ideal attacking formation with one player striking down from the rear court, and their partner in the midcourt intercepting all smash returns except the lift. If the rear court assaulter plays a drop shot, their partner volition motion into the forecourt to threaten the cyberspace reply. If a pair cannot striking downwards, they will use flat strokes in an attempt to gain the assault. If a pair is forced to lift or articulate the shuttlecock, then they must defend: they will adopt a side-past-side position in the rear midcourt, to embrace the total width of their court against the opponents' smashes. In doubles, players mostly boom to the heart ground between two players in society to take advantage of defoliation and clashes.

At high levels of play, the backhand serve has go pop to the extent that forehand serves take go fairly rare at a loftier level of play. The straight low serve is used well-nigh frequently, in an attempt to forbid the opponents gaining the attack immediately. Moving picture serves are used to preclude the opponent from anticipating the depression serve and attacking it decisively.

At high levels of play, doubles rallies are extremely fast. Men's doubles are the near aggressive form of badminton, with a high proportion of powerful jump smashes and very quick reflex exchanges. Considering of this, spectator interest is sometimes greater for men's doubles than for singles.

Mixed doubles

The 2012 Olympic mixed doubles concluding in London

In mixed doubles, both pairs typically try to maintain an attacking formation with the adult female at the front and the man at the back. This is considering the male person players are usually substantially stronger, and tin, therefore, produce smashes that are more than powerful. Every bit a result, mixed doubles require greater tactical awareness and subtler positional play. Clever opponents will effort to reverse the platonic position, by forcing the woman towards the back or the human being towards the front. In society to protect against this danger, mixed players must be careful and systematic in their shot option.^[21]

At high levels of play, the formations will by and large be more flexible: the top women players are capable of playing powerfully from the dorsum-courtroom, and will happily practise then if required. When the opportunity arises, however, the pair volition switch back to the standard mixed attacking position, with the woman in front end and men in the back.

Organization

Governing bodies

The Badminton World Federation (BWF) is the internationally recognized governing body of the sport responsible for the regulation of tournaments and approaching fair play. Five regional confederations are associated with the BWF:

• Asia: Badminton Asia Confederation (BAC)
• Africa: Badminton Confederation of Africa (BCA)
• Americas: Badminton Pan Am (North America and South America belong to the aforementioned confederation; BPA)
• Europe: Badminton Europe (Be)
• Oceania: Badminton Oceania (BO)

Competitions

A men'due south doubles lucifer. The blue lines are those for the badminton courtroom. The other coloured lines denote uses for other sports – such complexity existence common in multi-utilize sports halls.

The BWF organizes several international competitions, including the Thomas Loving cup, the premier men'south international team issue offset held in 1948–1949, and the Uber Cup, the women's equivalent offset held in 1956–1957. The competitions now accept place one time every two years. More than than fifty national teams compete in qualifying tournaments within continental confederations for a identify in the finals. The final tournament involves 12 teams, following an increase from viii teams in 2004. It was further increased to 16 teams in 2012.^[22]

The Sudirman Loving cup, a gender-mixed international squad event held in one case every two years, began in 1989. Teams are divided into seven levels based on the performance of each land. To win the tournament, a country must perform well across all v disciplines (men's doubles and singles, women's doubles and singles, and mixed doubles). Like association football game (soccer), information technology features a promotion and relegation system at every level. However, the system was last used in 2009 and teams competing volition now be grouped by world rankings.^[23]

Badminton was a demonstration upshot at the 1972 and 1988 Summer Olympics. It became an official Summer Olympic sport at the Barcelona Olympics in 1992 and its aureate medals at present generally rate as the sport's almost coveted prizes for individual players.

In the BWF Globe Championships, starting time held in 1977, currently only the highest-ranked 64 players in the earth, and a maximum of four from each country can participate in whatsoever category. In both the Olympic and BWF World competitions restrictions on the number of participants from whatever 1 country take caused some controversy because they sometimes result in excluding elite world level players from the strongest badminton nations. The Thomas, Uber, and Sudirman Cups, the Olympics, and the BWF World (and World Junior Championships), are all categorized as level ane tournaments.

At the starting time of 2007, the BWF introduced a new tournament construction for the highest level tournaments bated from those in level one: the BWF Super Series. This level two tournament series, a tour for the world'south elite players, stage twelve open tournaments around the globe with 32 players (half the previous limit). The players collect points that make up one's mind whether they can play in Super Series Finals held at the year-end. Amongst the tournaments in this serial is the venerable All-England Championships, offset held in 1900, which was once considered the unofficial globe championships of the sport.^[24]

Level three tournaments consist of Grand Prix Aureate and Grand Prix event. Top players can collect the world ranking points and enable them to play in the BWF Super Series open tournaments. These include the regional competitions in Asia (Badminton Asia Championships) and Europe (European Badminton Championships), which produce the world'due south best players as well every bit the Pan America Badminton Championships.

The level four tournaments, known as International Challenge, International Series, and Future Serial, encourage participation by inferior players.^[25]

Comparison with tennis

Badminton is frequently compared to tennis due to several qualities. The following is a listing of manifest differences:

• Scoring: In badminton, a match is played best 2 of three games, with each game played up to 21 points. In tennis a match is played best of iii or 5 sets, each set consisting of 6 games and each game ends when 1 player wins four points or wins two sequent points at deuce points. If both teams are tied at "game point", they must play until ane team achieves a ii-signal reward. However, at 29–all, whoever scores the golden point will win. In tennis, if the score is tied half dozen–vi in a set, a tiebreaker will be played, which ends one time a player reaches 7 points or when ane actor has a two-bespeak advantage.
• In tennis, the ball may bounciness once earlier the bespeak ends; in badminton, the rally ends once the shuttlecock touches the floor.
• In tennis, the serve is dominant to the extent that the server is expected to win most of their service games (at avant-garde level & onwards); a break of service, where the server loses the game, is of major importance in a match. In badminton, a server has far less an advantage and is unlikely to score an ace (unreturnable serve).
• In tennis, the server has two chances to hit a serve into the service box; in badminton, the server is immune only one attempt.
• A tennis court is approximately twice the length and width of a badminton court.
• Lawn tennis racquets are most four times as heavy as badminton racquets, 10 to 12 ounces (280 to 340 grams) versus two to 3 ounces (57 to 85 grams).^{[26] [27]} Lawn tennis balls are more than xi times heavier than shuttlecocks, 57 grams (2.0 ounces) versus v grams (0.18 ounces).^{[28] [29]}
• The fastest recorded tennis stroke is Samuel Groth'south 163.4 miles per 60 minutes (263 kilometres per 60 minutes) serve,^[thirty] whereas the fastest badminton stroke during gameplay was Mads Pieler Kolding's 264.7 miles per hour (426 kilometres per 60 minutes) recorded blast at a Badminton Premier League match.^[31]

Statistics such as the smash speed, higher up, prompt badminton enthusiasts to brand other comparisons that are more than contentious. For example, information technology is often claimed that badminton is the fastest racquet sport.^[32] Although badminton holds the record for the fastest initial speed of a racquet sports projectile, the shuttlecock decelerates substantially faster than other projectiles such as tennis assurance. In turn, this qualification must be qualified by consideration of the distance over which the shuttlecock travels: a smashed shuttlecock travels a shorter distance than a tennis ball during a serve.

While fans of badminton and tennis oft claim that their sport is the more than physically enervating, such comparisons are difficult to make objectively because of the differing demands of the games. No formal written report currently exists evaluating the physical condition of the players or demands during gameplay.

Badminton and lawn tennis techniques differ essentially. The lightness of the shuttlecock and of badminton racquets allow badminton players to make use of the wrist and fingers much more than lawn tennis players; in tennis, the wrist is commonly held stable, and playing with a mobile wrist may lead to injury. For the same reasons, badminton players can generate power from a short racquet swing: for some strokes such equally net kills, an elite player's swing may be less than 5 centimetres (2 inches). For strokes that require more power, a longer swing will typically be used, but the badminton racquet swing will rarely be every bit long equally a typical lawn tennis swing.

Encounter also

• Ball badminton
• Hanetsuki
• List of racquet sports
• Speed badminton

Notes

1. ^ Other related sports include Hanetsuki, which originated in Nihon.
2. ^ Against this, Downey claims that the first rules were drawn up at Karachi in 1877.^[11]
3. ^ half-dozen Waverley Grove, Portsmouth, England.^[12]

1. ^ Boga (2008).
2. ^ "Olympic Badminton The Olympic Journey". bwfbadminton.com. Badminton World Federation. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
3. ^ Grice (2008).
4. ^ ^{a b c d} EB (1878).
5. ^ ^{a b c d} EB (1911).
6. ^ ^{a b c d} Adams (1980).
7. ^ ^{a b} "badminton, n.", Oxford English Lexicon
8. ^ ^{a b} Guillain (2004), p. 47.
9. ^ "About Game", Ball Badminton Federation of India, 2008, archived from the original on 7 July 2011, retrieved vii July 2011
10. ^ Connors, et al. (1991), p. 195.
11. ^ Downey (1982), p. thirteen.
12. ^ ^{a b} "The History of Badminton: Foundation of the BAE and Codification of the Rules", Earth Badminton
13. ^ ^{a b c} "Laws of Badminton". Badminton Earth Federation. Archived from the original on viii January 2017. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
14. ^ ^{a b} Kwun (28 February 2005). "Badminton Key Guide to choosing Badminton Equipment". BadmintonCentral.com. Archived from the original on xi March 2007.
15. ^ "SL-70". Karakal. Archived from the original on 16 Oct 2007.
16. ^ "String tension relating to ability and control". Prospeed. Archived from the original on 28 October 2007.
17. ^ "The Spin Doctor", Ability & Precision Magazine, July 2006
18. ^ Kim (2002).
19. ^ "Badminton Technique", Badminton England "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 17 April 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2015. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
20. ^ "Rules of Badminton". Retrieved 13 June 2017.
21. ^ Kumekawa, Eugene (21 March 2014). "Badminton Strategies and Tactics for the Novice and Recreational Player". BadmintonPlanet.
22. ^ "Thomas and Uber Cups increased to 16 teams". sportskeeda.com. 11 June 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
23. ^ Sachetat, Raphaël. "Sudirman Cup to Change Format". Badzine. Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
24. ^ "Badminton Federation Announces 12-upshot Series", International Herald Tribune, Associated Press, 23 September 2006, archived from the original on 25 September 2015, retrieved 25 October 2008 {{citation}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
25. ^ "New Tournament Structure", International Badminton Federation, 20 July 2006, archived from the original on 29 September 2007 .
26. ^ "What is the ideal weight for a tennis racquet?". Nigh.com. Retrieved six Dec 2015.
27. ^ "The contribution of engineering science on badminton rackets". Prospeed. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007.
28. ^ Azeez, Shefiu (2000). "Mass of a Tennis Ball". Hypertextbook.
29. ^ M. McCreary, Kathleen (5 May 2005). "A Report of the Motion of a Costless Falling Shuttlecock" (PDF). The College of Wooster. Archived from the original (PDF) on xiv June 2007. http://physics.wooster.edu/JrIS/Files/McCreary.pdf
30. ^ "Aussie smashes tennis serve speed record". The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 13 May 2012.
31. ^ "Fastest badminton striking in competition (male)". Retrieved 8 July 2019.
32. ^ "WHAT IS BADMINTON". Badminton Oceania . Retrieved 18 February 2022.

References

• Adams, Bernard (1980), The Badminton Story, BBC Books, ISBN0563164654
• Boga, Steve (2008), Badminton, Paw Prints, ISBN978-1439504789
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), "Badminton (game)", Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. iii (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 189
• Connors, K.; Dupuis, D.50.; Morgan, B. (1991), The Olympics Factbook: A Spectator's Guide to the Winter and Summer Games, Visible Ink Press, ISBN0-8103-9417-0 .
• Downey, Jake (1982), Meliorate Badminton for All, Pelham Books, ISBN978-0-7207-1438-8 .
• Grice, Tony (2008), Badminton: Steps to Success, Human Kinetics, ISBN978-0-7360-7229-8
• Guillain, Jean-Yves (2004), Badminton: An Illustrated History, Publibook, ISBN2-7483-0572-8
• Jones, Henry (1878), "Badminton", in Baynes, T. South. (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 3 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 228
• Kim, Wangdo (2002), An Analysis of the Biomechanics of Arm Movement During a Badminton Nail (PDF), Nanyang Technological University, archived from the original on 2 Oct 2008 {{commendation}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL condition unknown (link).

External links

• Badminton at Curlie
• Badminton World Federation
  • Laws of Badminton
  • Simplified Rules
• Badminton Asia Confederation
• Badminton Pan Am
• Badminton Oceania
• Badminton Europe
• Badminton Confederation of Africa

Share this post